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Wine laws are legislation regulating various aspects of production and sales of wine. The purpose of wine laws includes combating wine fraud, by means of regulated protected designations of origin, labelling practices and classification of wine, as well as regulating allowed additives and procedures in winemaking and viticulture.〔J. Robinson (ed), ''"The Oxford Companion to Wine"'', Third Edition, p. 395, Oxford University Press 2006, ISBN 0-19-860990-6〕 Legislation affecting all kinds of alcohol beverages, such as the legal drinking age and licensing practices related to distribution and sales, are usually not considered wine laws. Wine is regulated by regional, state, and local laws. The laws and their relative rigidity differ for New World and Old World wines. Old World wines tend to have more stringent regulations than New World wines.〔("Wine Regulations: New World Countries." winegeeks.com. )〕 Various wine laws, however, may include appellation-based regulations that cover boundaries as well as permitted grape varieties and winemaking practice-such as the French ''Appellation d'origine contrôlée'' (AOC), Italian ''Denominazione di origine controllata'' (DOC), Spanish ''Denominación de Origen'' (DO) and Portuguese ''Denominação de Origem Controlada'' (DOC). In some New World wine regions, such as the United States and Australia, the wine laws of the appellation systems (American Viticultural Area (AVA) and Australian Geographical Indication (GIs)) only pertain to boundary specifics and guaranteeing that a certain percentage of grapes come from the area listed on the wine label. Some wine laws are established by local governments and are specific to that wine region, such as the 1954 municipal decree in the village of Châteauneuf-du-Pape that banned the overhead flying, landing or taking off of aviation in the commune which could negatively affect the region's vineyards and wine production.〔K. MacNeil. ''The Wine Bible'', pg 249. Workman Publishing (2001). ISBN 1-56305-434-5〕〔F. Prial. "(WINE; Identified Flying Object. )" ''The New York Times'', January 4, 1987.〕 ==History== The oldest known wine laws were created by the Roman emperor Domitian, who c. 92 issued an edict that banned the plantings of any new vineyards in Italy and ordered the uprooting of half of the vineyards in Roman provinces. The purpose of the edict was to improve the food supply of Roman cities by increasing the production of cereals. There is evidence to suggest that Domitian's edict was largely ignored in the Roman provinces. Domitian's edict, while probably not followed to any greater extent, stayed in effect for 188 years until Emperor Probus repealed the measure in 280.〔J. Robinson (ed), ''The Oxford Companion to Wine'', Third Edition, p. 234, Oxford University Press 2006, ISBN 0-19-860990-6〕 In the Holy Roman Empire, the oldest wine law was created by the ''Reichstag'' 1498 to combat wine fraud. In the wake of the Great French Wine Blight, which led to much wine fraud to supplement diminishing supply, wine laws were created in France to combat fraud. The French wine legislation later evolved to the AOC system, and inspired common European Union regulations. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wine law」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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